Kilmer House

About this time of year almost 100 years ago, Johnson & Johnson would have been reminding you that it was time for Clean Up Week.  What was Clean Up Week, and why was a company nagging people to clean their houses and yards?

Clean Up Week was a concept promoted by Johnson & Johnson to rally people around spring cleaning…which leads us back to the question:  Why did the people at Johnson & Johnson feel they needed to remind people to clean their houses?  It’s not as if they were planning a visit.  

The reminders were due to something else entirely:  the Company’s commitment to public health and reducing the spread of infectious diseases.  So the idea behind Clean Up Week wasn’t just to spruce up your house after a long winter or get rid of clutter, it was to really scrub any areas in which germs could be lurking.  That was critically important in the days before antibiotics and vaccines, when the warmer weather of spring all too often brought the resurgence of diseases such as polio, diphtheria, measles, smallpox, typhoid, whooping cough, and more.  The Clean Up Week campaigns were designed to educate the public so that they could help reduce the spread of these illnesses and keep their families and communities safer.

Illustration of Lister’s Fumigator, one of the Company’s early products, at work.

 Here’s what the March, 1917 edition of THE RED CROSS MESSENGER (our publication for retail pharmacists) said:

“Clean-up time means much more than it did a few years ago to most people.  Now they do not simply plan to clean-up for the sake of tidiness.  They clean to protect their homes, to make them safe for their children…to disinfect and fumigate their homes and to freshen living rooms and bed rooms and kill disease germs.”  [THE RED CROSS MESSENGER, Vol. IX, No. 5, March 1917, p. 132] 

So Johnson & Johnson ran full-page color ads in national magazines such as Good Housekeeping, Designer, Woman’s Magazine, Cosmopolitan and Pictorial Review announcing Clean Up Week.  The ads were beautiful and eye-catching, and featured a woman in full “cleaning the house” attire of that era, as well as hands holding a variety of Johnson & Johnson products that could be used for Clean Up Week.  These products included the antibacterial soaps Synol Soap and Camphenol, as well as fumigators (to get rid of disease-causing insects) and gauze (to use as scrubbing cloths). 

Black and White reproduction of a 1917 Clean Up Week ad 

The ads also promoted the giveaway of a Household Hand Book free to anyone interested.  The Household Hand Books were distributed by retail druggists, and could be imprinted with the name and address of the drugstore.  THE RED CROSS MESSENGER ran articles urging druggists to become leaders in their community with regard to public health, by distributing the handbooks and encouraging people to come to them for advice and supplies that they could use to clean up their homes and protect their families.

The Household Hand Book had a beautiful full-color cover, featuring a knight dressed in an odd combination of medieval and ancient Roman armor, with a “J&J” on his chest, ready to protect the home against germs, and standing in front of a banner with the dire-sounding quote “Men and Women are doomed constantly to combat dirt disease, and the devil.”    Naturally, Fred Kilmer was the editor of the Hand Book, and he thought of everything a family could potentially need from the publication.  The first page had space to write the contact information for the nearest doctor, druggist, hospital, police and fire station.  The introduction stated:

“The mission of this book is to assist in the war against disease and to aid in the conservation and promotion of health and life.  It is a book for every-day use by the individual, in the household, camp, shop, factory or community.  Primarily the book points out the way to prevent the spread of sickness and disease.  The teachings of the book are based upon the highest and most modern authorities in hygiene and sanitation.”  [Household Hand Book, 1917, inside front cover.]

The Household Hand Book contained advice on how to avoid contagious disease, pointers on caring for a sick patient and proper conduct in the sickroom, how to recognize the symptoms of different illnesses, how diseases are spread, how to disinfect your home, when to send for the doctor, first aid information, and more mundane things like how to care for your baby, proper daily care of the teeth, and commonsense advice on how to avoid accidents.  If you were part of a household in 1917, you would not only want a copy of the Household Hand Book, you would probably refer to it constantly.   After the national Clean Up Week ads ran, the Company was inundated by requests for the Household Hand Book from across the U.S.

Public Health Display of Household Handbooks, 1918

People would have rushed to their local drugstore to get the materials they would need, as recommended in the Clean Up Week ads.  And because Johnson & Johnson educated retail pharmacists about its products, the pharmacists could speak knowledgeably (if they had read the materials) about how the Company’s products such as antibacterial soaps and fumigators worked, how they were manufactured, and how they could help people keep their families safe. 

In 1918, during World War I, the Clean Up Week campaign was portrayed as a home-front war measure in defense of the home from germs.  Once again, the Company enlisted the help of the retail pharmacists who sold our products to inaugurate Clean Up Weeks in their towns, urging them to get the cooperation of the mayor, the town’s merchants and the schools. 

By the way, here’s a list of places in and outside the house that people were urged to clean and disinfect during Clean Up Week.  Inside the house:  ceilings, floor, doors, closets, garrets, windows, baseboards, cupboards, stairways, cellars, window frames, sashes and glass.  Outside the house, people were advised to clear brush and rubbish in back yards, clean vaults and sewers, stagnant pools, gutters, barnyards, chicken houses, drains, stables and dog houses.  

Postcard from the Nineteen Teens, addressed to “Synol Soap” (instead of Johnson & Johnson) in New Brunswick, N.J.   

Once readers recovered from the backbreaking and exhausting task of spring cleaning in the Nineteen-Teens, they could be sure that they were, as the cover of the Household Hand Book said, “The Protector of The Home Against Germs,” an important mission and a necessity over 90 years ago.

What did Johnson & Johnson have in common with Robert Livingston, one of the drafters of the Declaration of Independence?

Give up?  They both ran steamboats on the Raritan River in New Brunswick.  And here’s another fact:  Livingston’s tenure as U.S. Minister to France from 1801 to 1804 would have an impact on Johnson & Johnson over 80 years later.  How, you ask?  Because Livingston teamed up with inventor Robert Fulton to invent…you guessed it:  the first working steamboat in Paris.

So…what was Johnson & Johnson doing with steamboats?  Wasn’t it enough that we had our own power plant, our own water filtration system and our own glassblowers? Apparently not, because we had our own steamboats too.  And what did we use them for?  The steamboats were used to transport Johnson & Johnson products to the ports in New York for distribution to places in the U.S. and around the world.

Steamboat Robert W. Johnson docked in front of Johnson & Johnson

A much earlier Kilmer House post pointed out that, although it was a fortunate coincidence that Johnson & Johnson came to be located in New Brunswick, the city turned out to be a very good place for a new business because of the railroad and the river.  Johnson & Johnson shipped its product by rail, but it turned out that water was a faster way to get our goods to the ships in New York that would take them to more distant markets in the U.S. and around the world.  The city of New Brunswick already had steamship docks due to shipping businesses that started with Robert Livingston and steamboat inventor Robert Fulton, and continued with Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt.  So with the river right there, it was natural for Johnson & Johnson to use boats in distributing its products.  Because many of the products Johnson & Johnson made were essential items like sterile dressings and sutures, the Company wanted to ensure their constant availability.  This was especially true during World War I when the Company was producing bandages and surgical dressings around the clock to meet demand.  Having its own steamboats was a way for Johnson & Johnson to make sure that it could quickly and reliably get huge quantities of products to the ports in New York.  Having its own steamboats reduced shipping times to same-day instead of more than a day.

Steamboat James W. Johnson on the Raritan River, 1915

A 1908 edition of THE RED CROSS MESSENGER explained:

“For the most part all goods shipped from the Johnson & Johnson factories at New Brunswick are transported by the steamer ‘Robert W. Johnson,’ which navigates the Raritan River and Bay.  The steamer landing in New Brunswick being directly on the factory grounds.  New Brunswick is situated on the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad between New York and Philadelphia, thus in shipping by rail there is often a delay in their trans-shipment at connection points. The Steamer ‘Robert W. Johnson’ leaves the factory of Johnson & Johnson every morning and arrives in New York in less than four hours…this method obviates the numerous handlings of the goods with the constant danger of damage and insures prompt transportation.”  [THE RED CROSS MESSENGER Vol. I, No. 3, July 1908, pp. 30-31]

The Company’s Steamboats Docked on the Icy Raritan, Winter of 1917

The steamboats were owned and operated by a subsidiary called the Middlesex Transportation Company.  Many of New Brunswick’s other industries such as wallpaper manufacturers Janeway and Carpender (alert blog readers may remember them as the former owners of the first Johnson & Johnson building), also relied on our steamboats to transport their goods.  The steamboats also brought raw materials like cotton to Johnson & Johnson to be made into products. Because the Company was so reliable, the story goes that the Johnson & Johnson steamboats also were asked to carry U.S. mail to New York as well.

Johnson & Johnson started using steamboats in 1902 and had them for 33 years, until the advent of highways and trucks reduced the time to get our products to New York from four hours by water to just one hour by highway, ending the age of the Johnson & Johnson steamboats at the beginning of 1936.